GIS stands for Geographic / Geographical Information System. GIS is a kind of software that is specifically designed to gather information related to geography like topography, physical relief, atmosphere etc. using remote sensing technology. It also provides the necessary mathematical and statistical tools to convert the information for better understanding.
GIS applications comprise of effective tools that not only organize the data in a systematic manner but also present it in a user interactive format. A specialized branch of study known as Geographic Information Science familiarizes university students with geographical concepts, systems and applications.
This system of study acts as a powerful tool and it performs the following functions:
• Organization, presentation and revision of data • Analysis of spatial information • Creation of queries • Preparation of graphic maps • Formation of databases
GIS is an information system that integrates graphical mapping entities with an existing database to give a better picture about various geographical factors. One good instance in this regard is the GPS on mobiles, which uses the same technology to enable consumers to determine their position while traveling from one point to the other.
GIS has revolutionized the whole concept of geography. It has expanded the scope of the subject as it seeks to provide solution to disasters and risks in real time. Other important fields where GIS technology is employed to a great extent are disaster and risk management, urban planning, criminology, logistics, archaeology, asset management, marketing, mapping etc.
GIS technology involves three dimensions denoted mathematically as the x, y and z coordinates giving the images a three dimensional visual effect. These coordinates represent the longitude, latitude and the elevation respectively. There are also other variables for information like the zip code, mile markers etc. These spatially established variables are are then entered into the GIS system.
GIS also helps to convert this data into user comprehensible format to generate maps. Maps serve as important guidelines in determining a particular location or place. Statistics on census is another valuable source that fosters map-layout and support GIS thematic information. Data is stored in GIS system represents real objects found in the world like roads, elevation, and distance so on so forth.
In short, GIS has literally penetrated every field be it science, commerce or arts. The environmentalists, executives or government agencies – all of them use GIS technology to locate places of special significance and utilize it to the best of their advantage.
GIS also plays a very important role in CAD related services where activities such as urban planning and surveying are based on the data obtained from GIS data.
Unlike traditional GIS systems, modern GIS technology is highly advanced in terms of speed, automation, versatility and transferability. There are various methods used to create digital information to sustain the GIS systems. Digitization of this data is done by Computer Aided Design or CAD.
Due to the presence of Ortho-rectified imagery, heads-ups digitizing has become the main source for obtaining relevant geographical data directly over aerial imagery. This is why present day GIS systems have become more reliable and efficient, effectively becoming an Encyclopedia of the Earth.
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